=pod

=head1 NAME

ASYNC_get_wait_ctx,
ASYNC_init_thread, ASYNC_cleanup_thread, ASYNC_start_job, ASYNC_pause_job,
ASYNC_get_current_job, ASYNC_block_pause, ASYNC_unblock_pause, ASYNC_is_capable,
ASYNC_stack_alloc_fn, ASYNC_stack_free_fn, ASYNC_set_mem_functions, ASYNC_get_mem_functions
- asynchronous job management functions

=head1 SYNOPSIS

 #include <openssl/async.h>

 int ASYNC_init_thread(size_t max_size, size_t init_size);
 void ASYNC_cleanup_thread(void);

 int ASYNC_start_job(ASYNC_JOB **job, ASYNC_WAIT_CTX *ctx, int *ret,
                     int (*func)(void *), void *args, size_t size);
 int ASYNC_pause_job(void);

 ASYNC_JOB *ASYNC_get_current_job(void);
 ASYNC_WAIT_CTX *ASYNC_get_wait_ctx(ASYNC_JOB *job);
 void ASYNC_block_pause(void);
 void ASYNC_unblock_pause(void);

 int ASYNC_is_capable(void);

 typedef void *(*ASYNC_stack_alloc_fn)(size_t *num);
 typedef void (*ASYNC_stack_free_fn)(void *addr);
 int ASYNC_set_mem_functions(ASYNC_stack_alloc_fn alloc_fn,
                             ASYNC_stack_free_fn free_fn);
 void ASYNC_get_mem_functions(ASYNC_stack_alloc_fn *alloc_fn,
                              ASYNC_stack_free_fn *free_fn);

=head1 DESCRIPTION

OpenSSL implements asynchronous capabilities through an B<ASYNC_JOB>. This
represents code that can be started and executes until some event occurs. At
that point the code can be paused and control returns to user code until some
subsequent event indicates that the job can be resumed. It's OpenSSL
specific implementation of cooperative multitasking.

The creation of an B<ASYNC_JOB> is a relatively expensive operation. Therefore,
for efficiency reasons, jobs can be created up front and reused many times. They
are held in a pool until they are needed, at which point they are removed from
the pool, used, and then returned to the pool when the job completes. If the
user application is multi-threaded, then ASYNC_init_thread() may be called for
each thread that will initiate asynchronous jobs. Before
user code exits per-thread resources need to be cleaned up. This will normally
occur automatically (see L<OPENSSL_init_crypto(3)>) but may be explicitly
initiated by using ASYNC_cleanup_thread(). No asynchronous jobs must be
outstanding for the thread when ASYNC_cleanup_thread() is called. Failing to
ensure this will result in memory leaks.

The I<max_size> argument limits the number of B<ASYNC_JOB>s that will be held in
the pool. If I<max_size> is set to 0 then no upper limit is set. When an
B<ASYNC_JOB> is needed but there are none available in the pool already then one
will be automatically created, as long as the total of B<ASYNC_JOB>s managed by
the pool does not exceed I<max_size>. When the pool is first initialised
I<init_size> B<ASYNC_JOB>s will be created immediately. If ASYNC_init_thread()
is not called before the pool is first used then it will be called automatically
with a I<max_size> of 0 (no upper limit) and an I<init_size> of 0 (no
B<ASYNC_JOB>s created up front).

An asynchronous job is started by calling the ASYNC_start_job() function.
Initially I<*job> should be NULL. I<ctx> should point to an B<ASYNC_WAIT_CTX>
object created through the L<ASYNC_WAIT_CTX_new(3)> function. I<ret> should
point to a location where the return value of the asynchronous function should
be stored on completion of the job. I<func> represents the function that should
be started asynchronously. The data pointed to by I<args> and of size I<size>
will be copied and then passed as an argument to I<func> when the job starts.
ASYNC_start_job will return one of the following values:

=over 4

=item B<ASYNC_ERR>

An error occurred trying to start the job. Check the OpenSSL error queue (e.g.
see L<ERR_print_errors(3)>) for more details.

=item B<ASYNC_NO_JOBS>

There are no jobs currently available in the pool. This call can be retried
again at a later time.

=item B<ASYNC_PAUSE>

The job was successfully started but was "paused" before it completed (see
ASYNC_pause_job() below). A handle to the job is placed in I<*job>. Other work
can be performed (if desired) and the job restarted at a later time. To restart
a job call ASYNC_start_job() again passing the job handle in I<*job>. The
I<func>, I<args> and I<size> parameters will be ignored when restarting a job.
When restarting a job ASYNC_start_job() B<must> be called from the same thread
that the job was originally started from. B<ASYNC_WAIT_CTX> is used to
know when a job is ready to be restarted.

=item B<ASYNC_FINISH>

The job completed. I<*job> will be NULL and the return value from I<func> will
be placed in I<*ret>.

=back

At any one time there can be a maximum of one job actively running per thread
(you can have many that are paused). ASYNC_get_current_job() can be used to get
a pointer to the currently executing B<ASYNC_JOB>. If no job is currently
executing then this will return NULL.

If executing within the context of a job (i.e. having been called directly or
indirectly by the function "func" passed as an argument to ASYNC_start_job())
then ASYNC_pause_job() will immediately return control to the calling
application with B<ASYNC_PAUSE> returned from the ASYNC_start_job() call. A
subsequent call to ASYNC_start_job passing in the relevant B<ASYNC_JOB> in the
I<*job> parameter will resume execution from the ASYNC_pause_job() call. If
ASYNC_pause_job() is called whilst not within the context of a job then no
action is taken and ASYNC_pause_job() returns immediately.

ASYNC_get_wait_ctx() can be used to get a pointer to the B<ASYNC_WAIT_CTX>
for the I<job> (see L<ASYNC_WAIT_CTX_new(3)>).
B<ASYNC_WAIT_CTX>s contain two different ways to notify
applications that a job is ready to be resumed. One is a "wait" file
descriptor, and the other is a "callback" mechanism.

The "wait" file descriptor associated with B<ASYNC_WAIT_CTX> is used for
applications to wait for the file descriptor to be ready for "read" using a
system function call such as select(2) or poll(2) (being ready for "read"
indicates
that the job should be resumed). If no file descriptor is made available then
an application will have to periodically "poll" the job by attempting to restart
it to see if it is ready to continue.

B<ASYNC_WAIT_CTX>s also have a "callback" mechanism to notify applications. The
callback is set by an application, and it will be automatically called when an
engine completes a cryptography operation, so that the application can resume
the paused work flow without polling. An engine could be written to look whether
the callback has been set. If it has then it would use the callback mechanism
in preference to the file descriptor notifications. If a callback is not set
then the engine may use file descriptor based notifications. Please note that
not all engines may support the callback mechanism, so the callback may not be
used even if it has been set. See ASYNC_WAIT_CTX_new() for more details.

The ASYNC_block_pause() function will prevent the currently active job from
pausing. The block will remain in place until a subsequent call to
ASYNC_unblock_pause(). These functions can be nested, e.g. if you call
ASYNC_block_pause() twice then you must call ASYNC_unblock_pause() twice in
order to re-enable pausing. If these functions are called while there is no
currently active job then they have no effect. This functionality can be useful
to avoid deadlock scenarios. For example during the execution of an B<ASYNC_JOB>
an application acquires a lock. It then calls some cryptographic function which
invokes ASYNC_pause_job(). This returns control back to the code that created
the B<ASYNC_JOB>. If that code then attempts to acquire the same lock before
resuming the original job then a deadlock can occur. By calling
ASYNC_block_pause() immediately after acquiring the lock and
ASYNC_unblock_pause() immediately before releasing it then this situation cannot
occur.

Some platforms cannot support async operations. The ASYNC_is_capable() function
can be used to detect whether the current platform is async capable or not.

Custom memory allocation functions are supported for the POSIX platform.
Custom memory allocation functions allow alternative methods of allocating
stack memory such as mmap, or using stack memory from the current thread.
Using an ASYNC_stack_alloc_fn callback also allows manipulation of the stack
size, which defaults to 32k.
The stack size can be altered by allocating a stack of a size different to
the requested size, and passing back the new stack size in the callback's I<*num>
parameter.

=head1 RETURN VALUES

ASYNC_init_thread returns 1 on success or 0 otherwise.

ASYNC_start_job returns one of B<ASYNC_ERR>, B<ASYNC_NO_JOBS>, B<ASYNC_PAUSE> or
B<ASYNC_FINISH> as described above.

ASYNC_pause_job returns 0 if an error occurred or 1 on success. If called when
not within the context of an B<ASYNC_JOB> then this is counted as success so 1
is returned.

ASYNC_get_current_job returns a pointer to the currently executing B<ASYNC_JOB>
or NULL if not within the context of a job.

ASYNC_get_wait_ctx() returns a pointer to the B<ASYNC_WAIT_CTX> for the job.

ASYNC_is_capable() returns 1 if the current platform is async capable or 0
otherwise.

ASYNC_set_mem_functions returns 1 if custom stack allocators are supported by
the current platform and no allocations have already occurred or 0 otherwise.

=head1 NOTES

On Windows platforms the F<< <openssl/async.h> >> header is dependent on some
of the types customarily made available by including F<< <windows.h> >>. The
application developer is likely to require control over when the latter
is included, commonly as one of the first included headers. Therefore,
it is defined as an application developer's responsibility to include
F<< <windows.h> >> prior to F<< <openssl/async.h> >>.

=head1 EXAMPLES

The following example demonstrates how to use most of the core async APIs:

 #ifdef _WIN32
 # include <windows.h>
 #endif
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <openssl/async.h>
 #include <openssl/crypto.h>

 int unique = 0;

 void cleanup(ASYNC_WAIT_CTX *ctx, const void *key, OSSL_ASYNC_FD r, void *vw)
 {
     OSSL_ASYNC_FD *w = (OSSL_ASYNC_FD *)vw;

     close(r);
     close(*w);
     OPENSSL_free(w);
 }

 int jobfunc(void *arg)
 {
     ASYNC_JOB *currjob;
     unsigned char *msg;
     int pipefds[2] = {0, 0};
     OSSL_ASYNC_FD *wptr;
     char buf = 'X';

     currjob = ASYNC_get_current_job();
     if (currjob != NULL) {
         printf("Executing within a job\n");
     } else {
         printf("Not executing within a job - should not happen\n");
         return 0;
     }

     msg = (unsigned char *)arg;
     printf("Passed in message is: %s\n", msg);

     /*
      * Create a way to inform the calling thread when this job is ready
      * to resume, in this example we're using file descriptors.
      * For offloading the task to an asynchronous ENGINE it's not necessary,
      * the ENGINE should handle that internally.
      */

     if (pipe(pipefds) != 0) {
         printf("Failed to create pipe\n");
         return 0;
     }
     wptr = OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(OSSL_ASYNC_FD));
     if (wptr == NULL) {
         printf("Failed to malloc\n");
         return 0;
     }
     *wptr = pipefds[1];
     ASYNC_WAIT_CTX_set_wait_fd(ASYNC_get_wait_ctx(currjob), &unique,
                                pipefds[0], wptr, cleanup);

     /*
      * Normally some external event (like a network read being ready,
      * disk access being finished, or some hardware offload operation
      * completing) would cause this to happen at some
      * later point - but we do it here for demo purposes, i.e.
      * immediately signalling that the job is ready to be woken up after
      * we return to main via ASYNC_pause_job().
      */
     write(pipefds[1], &buf, 1);

     /*
      * Return control back to main just before calling a blocking
      * method. The main thread will wait until pipefds[0] is ready
      * for reading before returning control to this thread.
      */
     ASYNC_pause_job();

     /* Perform the blocking call (it won't block with this example code) */
     read(pipefds[0], &buf, 1);

     printf ("Resumed the job after a pause\n");

     return 1;
 }

 int main(void)
 {
     ASYNC_JOB *job = NULL;
     ASYNC_WAIT_CTX *ctx = NULL;
     int ret;
     OSSL_ASYNC_FD waitfd;
     fd_set waitfdset;
     size_t numfds;
     unsigned char msg[13] = "Hello world!";

     printf("Starting...\n");

     ctx = ASYNC_WAIT_CTX_new();
     if (ctx == NULL) {
         printf("Failed to create ASYNC_WAIT_CTX\n");
         abort();
     }

     for (;;) {
         switch (ASYNC_start_job(&job, ctx, &ret, jobfunc, msg, sizeof(msg))) {
         case ASYNC_ERR:
         case ASYNC_NO_JOBS:
             printf("An error occurred\n");
             goto end;
         case ASYNC_PAUSE:
             printf("Job was paused\n");
             break;
         case ASYNC_FINISH:
             printf("Job finished with return value %d\n", ret);
             goto end;
         }

         /* Get the file descriptor we can use to wait for the job
          * to be ready to be woken up
          */
         printf("Waiting for the job to be woken up\n");

         if (!ASYNC_WAIT_CTX_get_all_fds(ctx, NULL, &numfds)
                 || numfds > 1) {
             printf("Unexpected number of fds\n");
             abort();
         }
         ASYNC_WAIT_CTX_get_all_fds(ctx, &waitfd, &numfds);
         FD_ZERO(&waitfdset);
         FD_SET(waitfd, &waitfdset);

         /* Wait for the job to be ready for wakeup */
         select(waitfd + 1, &waitfdset, NULL, NULL, NULL);
     }

 end:
     ASYNC_WAIT_CTX_free(ctx);
     printf("Finishing\n");

     return 0;
 }

The expected output from executing the above example program is:

 Starting...
 Executing within a job
 Passed in message is: Hello world!
 Job was paused
 Waiting for the job to be woken up
 Resumed the job after a pause
 Job finished with return value 1
 Finishing

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<crypto(7)>, L<ERR_print_errors(3)>

=head1 HISTORY

ASYNC_init_thread, ASYNC_cleanup_thread,
ASYNC_start_job, ASYNC_pause_job, ASYNC_get_current_job, ASYNC_get_wait_ctx(),
ASYNC_block_pause(), ASYNC_unblock_pause() and ASYNC_is_capable() were first
added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2015-2024 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License").  You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
L<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

=cut
